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Reading Test 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Reading Passage 1
The Creativity Myth
A
It is a myth that creative people are born with their talents: gifts from God or nature. Creative genius is, in fact, latent within many of us, without our realizing. But how far do we need to travel to find the path to creativity? For many people, a long way. In our everyday lives, we have to perform many acts out of habit to survive, like opening the door, shaving, getting dressed, walking to work, and so on. If this were not the case, we would, in all probability, become mentally unhinged. So strongly ingrained are our habits, though this varies from person to person, that sometimes when a conscious effort is made to be creative, automatic response takes over. We may try, for example, to walk to work following a different route, but end up on our usual path. By then it is too late to go back and change our minds. Another day, perhaps. The same applies to all other areas of our lives. When we are solving problems, for example, we may seek different answers, but, often as not, find ourselves walking along the same well-trodden paths.
B
So, for many people, their actions and behavior are set in immovable blocks, their minds clogged with the cholesterol of habitual actions, preventing them from operating freely, and thereby stifling creation. Unfortunately, mankind’s very struggle for survival has become a tyranny – the obsessive desire to give order to the world is a case in point. Witness people’s attitude to time, social customs and the panoply of rules and regulations by which the human mind is now circumscribed.
C
The groundwork for keeping creative ability in check begins at school. School, later university and then work, teach us to regulate our lives, imposing a continuous process of restrictions which is increasing exponentially with the advancement of technology. Is it surprising then that creative ability appears to be so rare? It is trapped in the prison that we have erected. Yet, even here in this hostile environment, the foundations for creativity are being laid; because setting off on the creative path is also partly about using rules and regulations. Such limitations are needed so that once they are learned, they can be broken.
D
The truly creative mind is often seen as totally free and unfettered. But a better image is of a mind, which can be free when it wants, and one that recognizes that rules and regulations are parameters, or barriers, to be raised and dropped again at will. An example of how the human mind can be trained to be creative might help here. People’s minds are just like tense muscles that need to be freed up and the potential unlocked. One strategy is to erect artificial barriers or hurdles in solving a problem. As a form of stimulation, the participants in the task can be forbidden to use particular solutions or to follow certain lines of thought to solve a problem. In this way, they are obliged to explore unfamiliar territory, which may lead to some startling discoveries. Unfortunately, the difficulty in this exercise, and with creation itself, is convincing people that creation is possible, shrouded as it is in so much myth and legend. There is also an element of fear involved, however subliminal, as deviating from the safety of one’s thought patterns is very much akin to madness. But, open Pandora’s box and a whole new world unfold before your very eyes.
E
Lifting barriers into place also plays a major part in helping the mind to control ideas rather than letting them collide at random. Parameters act as containers for ideas and thus help the mind to fix on them. When the mind is thinking laterally and two ideas from different areas of the brain come or are brought together, they form a new idea, just like atoms floating around and then forming a molecule. Once the idea has been formed, it needs to be contained or it will fly away, so fleeting is its passage. The mind needs to hold it in place for a time so that it can recognize it or call on it again. And then the parameters can act as channels along which the ideas can flow, developing and expanding. When the mind has brought the idea to fruition by thinking it through to its final conclusion, the parameters can be brought down and the idea allowed to float off and come in contact with other ideas.
Questions 1-5
Reading Passage 1 has five paragraphs, A-E.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once.
1 the way parameters in the mind help people to be creative.....
2 the need to learn rules to break them.....
3 how habits restrict us and limit creativity.....
4 how to train the mind to be creative.....
5 how the mind is trapped by the desire for order.....
Questions 6-10
Choose the correct answers A-D and write them next to 6-10 on your answer sheet.
6 According to the writer, creative people
A are usually born with their talents
B are born with their talents
C are not born with their talents
D are geniuses
7 According to the writer, creativity is
A a gift from God or nature
B an automatic response
C difficult for many people to achieve
D a well-trodden path
8 According to the writer
A the human race’s fight to live is becoming a tyranny
B the human brain is blocked with cholesterol
C the human race is now circumscribed by talents
D the human race’s fight to survive stifles the creative ability
9 Advancing technology
A holds creativity in check
B improves creativity
C enhances creativity
D is a tyranny
10 According to the author, creativity
A is common
B is increasingly common
C is becoming rarer and rarer
D is a rare commodity
Questions 11-14
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer?
In boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet writeYES, if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
NO, if the statement contradicts the information in the passage
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about the statement in the passage
11 Rules and regulations are examples of parameters.....
12 The truly creative mind is associated with the need for free speech and a free society......
13 One problem with creativity is that people think it is impossible.
14The act of creation is linked to madness......
Reading Passage 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.
Locked Doors Open Access
Questions 15-18
Choose the correct answers A-D and write them next to 15-18 on your answer sheet
15 According to the author, one thing we long for is
A the safety of the home
B security
C open access
D positive virtues
16 Access to many buildings
Ais unauthorized
B is becoming more difficult
C is a cause of crime in many urban areas
D used to be called ‘Reception’
17 Buildings used to permit access to any users
A but now they do not
B and still do now
C especially offices and schools
D especially in urban areas
18 Secure zones
A do not allow access to the user
B compartmentalize the user
C are often like traps
D are not accessible to everybody
Questions 19-24
Complete the summary below using words from the box.
Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 19-24 on your answer sheet
The problem of physical access to buildings has now been 19………………………………by technology. Messages are 20………………………………with passwords not allowing 21…………………………to read someone else’s messages. But, while individuals are becoming increasingly 22……………………………..socially by the way, they do their job, at the same time more value is being put on 23…………………………………. However, e-mail and voice-mail have led to 24…………………………………opportunities for person-to-person communication.
Reducing off | Computer | Other people | Isolating |
Teamwork | Decrease in | Similar | Solved |
No different from | Overcame | Physical | Protected |
Combat | Developed | Cut-off |
|
Questions 25-27
Complete the sentences below, with words taken from Reading Passage 2.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 25-27 on your answer sheet
25 The writer does not like……………………………….
26 An individual’s Home Page indicates their………………………………on the Internet.
27 Devices like mobile phones mean that location is…………………………..
Reading Passage 3
Questions 28-32
Look at the following list of places (Questions 28-32) from paragraphs A-E of reading passage 3 and their locations on the map. Write your answers in the boxes next to 28-32 on your answer sheet Put the boxes at end of the questions
Match each place with its location on the map
28 The Sperrin Mountains....
29 Dunluce Castle.....
30 Inishowen.....
31 The Glens of Antrim.....
32 Limavady.....
Questions 33-38
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3 ?
YES, if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
NO, if the statement contradicts the information in the passage
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about the statement in the passage
33 After 1639 the castle of Dunluce was not completely uninhabited.
34 For the author, Dunluce Castle evokes another period of history.
35 There were more than 1500 men on the Girona when it went down.
36 The writer believes that the Giant’s Causeway is worth going to visit.
37 The author recommends twilight as the best time to visit the Giant’s Causeway.
38 The more sturdy cage added to the Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge has helped to increase the number of visitors to the area.
Questions 39 and 40
Choose the correct answers A-D and write them next to 39-40 on your answer sheet.
39 The writer feels that the Giant’s Causeway is
A an unsettling place
B a relaxing place
C a boring place
D an exciting place
40 Which of the following would be a good title for the passage?
A The Roe Valley Park
B The Giant’s Causeway
C Going East to West
D A leap into history
Answers
The Creativity Myth Reading Answers (Passage 1)
Questions 1-5
1 | E. The paragraph is about the fact that parameters help our minds to be creative. |
2 | C. The answer lies in the key phrases: … keeping creative ability in check (in the first sentence) and Such limitations are needed so that once they are learned, they can be broken (the last sentence of the paragraph). The focus sentence is a combination of these two ideas. Note how the word yet divides the paragraph. It indicates the focus of the paragraph against the background in the first part. It also marks the division of Information In the whole passage. |
3 | A. The writer wrote the paragraph to show that habits limit our creativity and the habits we need to survive to play a role in this limitation. |
4 | D. The theme of the paragraph is how creativity works. |
5 | B, The paragraph deals with how parameters help the mind to be creative. |
Questions 6-10
6 | C. The answer is in the first line of the passage: It is a myth that creative people are born with their talents. Here, it is a myth = are not. |
7 | C, The answer is In paragraph A. The actual words are not in the paragraph, but the meaning is clear. A is not correct, because this is a myth; B is not correct, because the passage states that when we try to be creative, our automatic response takes over. D is not correct, because the well-trodden paths prevent creativity. Compare number 13 below. |
8 | D. The answer is in paragraph B: Unfortunately, mankind’s very struggle for survival has become a tyranny. The answer paraphrases this statement. A is not correct, because the passage says the struggle has become, i.e. is tyranny, not that it is becoming so; B is not correct, because cholesterol is not mentioned in relationship to the brain, but the mind, C is incorrect, because it is the mind which is circumscribed. |
9 | A. The answer is in paragraph C: a continuous process of restrictions, which is increasing exponentially with the advancement of technology. The statement Is a paraphrase of this section. Note B and C are the same; it is, therefore, not possible to have either of these two alternatives as your answer. Watch out for this feature In multiple-choice questions. |
10 | D. The answer is in paragraph C: Is it surprising then that creative ability appears to be so rare. This is a question and has the same meaning as the statement given, i.e. It is not surprising. Note C is not possible, because the passage doesn’t indicate whether the rarity is increasing or decreasing. |
Questions 11-14
11 | Yes. The answer is at the beginning of paragraph D: … and one that recognizes that rules and regulations are parameters… |
12 | Not Given. There is no reference to this statement in the passage. |
13 | Yes. The answer is in paragraph D: The difficulty in this exercise and with creation itself, is convincing people that creation is possible. The answer is a paraphrase of this part of the text. Compare number 7 above, |
14 | Yes. The answer is at the end of paragraph D: leaving the safety of one’s thought patterns is very much akin to madness; akin to – like. |
Locked Doors Open Access Reading Answers (Passage 2)
Question 15-18
15 | B. The answer is in the first paragraph. |
16 | B. Those buildings which used to allow free access to employees and other users (buildings such as offices, schools, colleges or hospitals) now do not. |
17 | A. Those buildings which used to allow free access to employees and other users (buildings such as offices, schools, colleges or hospitals) now do not. |
18 | D. It says in the text, ‘these buildings are divided into ‘secure zones’ which often have all the trappings of combination locks and burglar alarms. ‘ |
Questions 19-24
19 | Solved, Although the word combat appears In the original, it does not fit here grammatically. The past participle is needed. Note overcame Is the Simple Past, not the Past Participle. |
20 | computers. The plural is needed here. |
21 | other people. |
22 | cut-off. The word isolating does not fit grammatically. You need an adjective made from the past participle of the verb. Compare to 20 above. |
23 | team-work. |
24 | decrease in. |
Questions 25-27
25 | touch-tone systems |
26 | electronic presence |
27 | no longer geographical |
A leap into history Reading Answers (Passage 3)
Questions 28-32
28 | E |
29 | C |
30 | A |
31 | D |
32 | B |
Questions 33-38
33 | Not given. |
34 | YES. It says in the passage, ‘Ruined and forlorn its aspect maybe yet, in the haunting Celtic twilight of the long summer evenings, it is redolent of another age, another dream.’ |
35 | YES. It says in the passage, ‘Girona, from the Spanish Armada went down one dark October night in 1588 on its way to Scotland, of the 1500-odd men on board, nine survived.’ |
36 | YES. It says in the passage, ‘But it is certainly well worth a visit.’ |
37 | YES. It says in the passage, ‘The last lingering moments of the twilight hours are the best lime.’ |
38 | NOT GIVEN. |
Questions 39-40
39 | A |
40 | D |
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Reading Test 2
Reading Passage 1
Tea Times
A. The chances are that you have already drunk a cup or glass of tea today. Perhaps, you are sipping one as you read this. Tea, now an everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries been an important part of rituals of hospitality both in the home and in wider society.
B. Tea originated in China, and in Eastern Asia, tea making and drinking
ceremonies have been popular for centuries. Tea was first shipped to
North-Western Europe by English and Dutch maritime traders in the sixteenth century. At about the same time, a land route from the Far East, via Moscow, to Europe was opened up. Tea also figured in America’s bid for independence from British rule – the Boston Tea Party.
C. As, over the last four hundred years, tea-leaves became available throughout much of Asia and Europe, the ways in which tea was drunk changed. The Chinese considered the quality of the leaves and the ways in which they were cured all important. People in other cultures added new ingredients besides tea-leaves and hot water. They drank tea with milk, sugar, spices like cinnamon and cardamom, and herbs such as mint or sage. The variations are endless. For example, in Western Sudan on the edge of the Sahara Desert, sesame oil is
added to milky tea on cold mornings. In England tea, unlike coffee, acquired a reputation as a therapeutic drink that promoted health. Indeed, in European and Arab countries as well as In Persia and Russia, tea was praised for its restorative and health-giving properties. One Dutch physician, Cornelius Blankaart, advised that to maintain health a minimum of eight to ten cups a day should be drunk and that up to 50 to 100 daily cups could be consumed safely.
D. While European coffee houses were frequented by men discussing politics and closing business deals, respectable middle-class women stayed at home and held tea parties. When the price of tea fell in the nineteenth century poor people took up the drink with enthusiasm. Different grades and blends of tea were sold to suit every pocket.
E. Throughout the world today, few religious groups object to tea drinking. In Islamic cultures, where drinking of alcohol is forbidden, tea and coffee consumption is an important part of social life. However, Seventh-Day Adventists, recognising the beverage as a drug containing the stimulant caffeine, frown upon the drinking of
tea.
F. Nomadic Bedouin are well known for the traditions of hospitality in the desert. According to Middle Eastern tradition, guests are served both tea and coffee from pots kept ready on the fires of guest tents where men of the family and male visitors gather. Cups of “bitter” cardamom coffee and glasses of sugared tea should be constantly refilled by the host.
G. For over a thousand years, Arab traders have been bringing Islamic culture,including tea drinking, to northern and western Africa. Techniques of tea preparation have been adapted. In West African countries, such as Senegal and The Gambia, it is fashionable for young men to gather in small groups to brew Chinese “gun-powder” tea. The tea is boiled with large amounts of sugar for a long time.
H. Tea drinking in India remains an important part of daily life. There, tea made entirely with milk is popular. “Chai” is made by boiling milk and adding tea, sugar and some spices. This form of tea making has crossed the Indian Ocean and is also popular in East Africa, where tea is considered best when it is either very milky or made with water only. Curiously, this “milk or water” formula has been carried over to the preparation of instant coffee, which is served in cafes as either black or sprinkled on a cup of hot milk.
I. In Britain, coffee drinking, particularly in the informal atmosphere of coffee shops, is currently in vogue. Yet, the convention of afternoon tea lingers. At conferences, it remains common practice to serve coffee in the morning and tea in the afternoon. Contemporary China, too, remains true to its long tradition. Delegates at conferences and seminars are served tea in cups with lids to keep the infusion hot. The cups are topped up throughout the proceedings. There are as yet no
signs of coffee on such occasions.
Questions 1-8
Reading Passage 1 has 9 paragraphs (A-I).
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings given below. Write the appropriate numbers (I-xiii) in Boxes
1-8 on your answer sheet. One of the headings has been done for you as an example.
There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them.
1.Paragraph A....
2. Paragraph B....
3. Paragraph C....
4. Paragraph D....
5. Paragraph E....
6. Paragraph G....
7. Paragraph H....
8. Paragraph I ....
Example: Paragraph F Answer: xiii |
List of Headings
i. Diverse drinking methods
ii. Limited objections to drinking tea
iii. Today’s continuing tradition – In Britain and China
iv. Tea – a beverage of hospitality
v. An important addition – tea with milk
vi. Tea and alcohol
vii. The everyday beverage in all parts of the world
viii. Tea on the move
ix. African tea
x. The fall in the cost of tea
xi. The value of tea
xii. Tea-drinking in Africa
xiii. Hospitality among the Bedouin
Questions 9 -14
Complete the sentences below. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to fill each blank space. Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 9-14 on your answer sheet
9. For centuries, both at home and In society, tea has had an important role in______
10. Falling tea prices in the nineteenth century meant that people could choose the________ of tea they could afford.
11. Because it______ Seventh-Day Adventists do not approve of the drinking
12. In the desert, one group that is well known for Its traditions of hospitality is the_______
13. In India, _______, as well as tea, are added to boiling milk to make “chai”.
14. In Britain, while coffee is in fashion, afternoon tea is still a________
Reading Passage 2
Tyes and Greens
A. There are a number of settlements in this part of East Anglia with names containing the word ‘tye’. The word is Anglo-Saxon in origin, and the Oxford English Dictionary quotes the earliest usage of the term as dating from 832. Essentially a ‘tye’ was a green or a small area of open common land, usually sited away from the main village or settlement, perhaps at the junction of two or more routes. Local H W people and passing travellers had the right to pasture their horses, pigs and other
farm animals on the tye.
B. In the Pebmarsh area there seem to have been five or six of these tyes, all, except one, at the margins of the parish. These marginal clearings are all away from the richer farming land close to the river, and, in the case of Cooks Green, Hayles Tye, and Dorking Tye, close to the edge of still existing fragments of ancient woodland. It seems more likely than that, here, as elsewhere in East Anglia, medieval freemen were allowed to clear a small part of the forest and create a smallholding. Such unproductive forest land would, in any case, have been unattractive to the wealthy baronial or monastic landowners. Most of the land around Pebmarsh village belonged to Earls Colne Priory, a wealthy monastery about 10 kilometres to the south, and it may be that by the 13th and 14th centuries the tyes were maintained by tenant farmers paying rent to the Priory.
C. Hayles Tye seems to have got its name from a certain John Hayle who is documented in the 1380s, although there are records pointing to the occupation of the site at a much earlier date. The name was still in use in 1500 and cropped up again throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, usually in relation to the payment of taxes or tithes. At some point during the 18th century, the name is changed to File’s Green, though no trace of an owner called File has been found. Also in the 18th
century, the original dwellings on the site disappeared. Much of this region was economically depressed during this period and the land and its dwellings may simply have been abandoned. Several farms were abandoned in the neighbouring village of Alphamstone, and the population dwindled so much that there was no money to support the fabric of the village church, which became very dilapidated. However,
another possibility is that the buildings at File’s Green burnt down, fires being not infrequent at this time.
D. By 1817 the land was owned by Charles Townsend of Ferriers Farm, and in 1821 he built two brick cottages on the site, each cottage occupied by two families of agricultural labourers. The structure of these cottages was very simple, just a two-storey rectangle divided in the centre by a large common chimneypiece. Each dwelling had its own fireplace, but the two families seem to have shared a brick bread-oven which jutted out from the rear of the cottage. The outer wall of the
bread-oven is still visible on the remaining cottage. The fireplaces themselves and the chimney structure appear to be older than the 1821 cottages and may have survived from the earlier dwellings. All traces of the common land had long disappeared, and the two cottages stood on a small plot of less than an acre where the labourers would have been able to grow a few vegetables and keep a few chickens or a pig. The bulk of their time was spent working at Ferrier’s farm.
E. Both cottages are clearly marked on maps of 1874, but by the end of the century, one of them had gone. Again, the last years of the 19th century were a period of agricultural depression, and a number of smaller farms in the area were abandoned. Traces of one, Mosse’s Farm, still partly encircled by a very overgrown moat, may be seen less than a kilometre from File’s Green. It seems likely that, as the need for
agricultural labour declined, one of the cottages fell into disuse, decayed and was eventually pulled down. Occasional fragments of rubble and brick still surface in the garden of the remaining cottage. In 1933, this cottage was sold to the manager of the newly-opened gravel works to the north-west of Pebmarsh village. He converted
these two dwellings into one. This, then, is the only remaining habitation on the site and is called File’s Green Cottage.
Questions 15 -18
Choose the appropriate letters A-D. Write them in Boxes 15-18 on your answer sheet.
15 A tye was …
A a green
B a large open area
C common land with trees
D found at the junction of two or more routes
16 The Pebmarsh area …
A probably had seven tyes
B probably had six tyes
C appears to have had five or six tyes
D was not in East Anglia
17 The tyes in the Pebmarsh area were …
A near the river
B used by medieval freemen
C mostly at the margins of the parish
D owned by Haris Colne Priory
18 According to the writer, wealthy landowners …
A did not find the sight of forest land attractive
B found the sight of forest land attractive
C were attracted by the sight of forest land
Dconsidered forest land unproductive
Question 19-29
Complete the text below, which is a summary of paragraphs 3-6 in Reading Passage 2.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to fill each blank space.
Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 19-29 on your answer sheet
1380s- John Hayle, who is __________19________, apparently gave his name to Hayles Tye.
1500s- the name of Hayles Tye was still _______20______, _____21_______ again in the following two centuries in relation to taxes.
18th century- Hayles Tye was renamed__________22______ the original dwellings may either have dissappeared, or were _____23_________.
1817 – the land was ____24______ by Charles Townsend.
1821- Charles Townsend built _________25_______ cottages on the site, _______26_______inhabited by two families, but by the end of the nineteenth century only one cottage_______27_______.
1933- The cottage, now called File’s Green Cottage, was bought by the local _____28_______ manager who converted the cottage into ________29_______.
Reading Passage 3
Haydn’s late quartets
A. By the time he came to write the String Quartets published as Opus 76 and Opus 77, Haydn was undoubtedly the most famous living composer in the whole of Europe. He had recently returned from the highly successful second visit to England, for which he had composed his last six symphonies, culminating in the brilliant and festive Drum Roll Symphony (No. 103) and London Symphony (No, 104). This is
public music, full of high spirits, expansive gestures and orchestral surprises. Haydn knew how to please his audience. And in 1796, following his return to Vienna, he began work on his largest and most famous choral work, the oratorio, “The Creation”. In the succeeding years, till 1802, he was to write a series of other large scales religious choral works, including several masses. The oratorios and masses
were also public works, employing large forces for dramatic effect, but warm and full of apparently spontaneous religious feeling. Yet at the same time he composed these 8 quartets, in terms of technical mastery and sheer musical invention the equal of the symphonies and choral works, but in their mood and emotional impact far removed, by turns introspective and detached, or full of passionate intensity.
B. Once again, as in the early 1770s when he appears to have been going through some kind of spiritual crisis, Haydn returned to the String Quartet as a means to accomplish a two-fold aim: firstly to innovate musically in a genre-free from public performance requirements or religious convention; secondly to express personal emotions or philosophy in a musical form that is intimate yet capable of great
subtlety and complexity of meaning. The result is a series of quartets of astonishing structural, melodic, rhythmic and harmonic variety, inhabiting a shifting emotional world, where tension underlies surface brilliance and calm gives way to unease.
C. The six quartets of Opus 76 differ widely in character. The opening movement of No. 2 is tense and dramatic, while that of No. 4 begins with the soaring long-breathed melody that has earned the nickname of “The Sunrise”. The minutes to have moved a long way from the stately court dance of the mid-eighteenth century. The so-called “Witches Minuet” of No. 2 is a strident canon, that of No. 6 is a fast one-in-a-bar movement anticipating the scherzos of Beethoven, while at the
heart of No. 5 is a contrasting trio section which, far from being the customary relaxed variant of the surrounding minute, flings itself into frenetic action and is gone. The finales are full of energy and grace. We associate with Haydn but with far less conscious humour and more detachment than in earlier quartets.
D. But it is in the slow movements that Haydn is most innovative and most unsettling. In No. 1, the cello and the first violin embark on a series of brusque dialogues. No. 4 is a subdued meditation based on the hushed opening chords. The slow movements of No. 5 and No. 6 are much looser in structure, the cello and viola setting off on solitary episodes of melodic and harmonic uncertainty. But there the similarity ends, for while No. 5 is enigmatic and predominantly dark in tone, the overlapping textures of its sister are full of light-filled intensity.
E. The Opus 76 quartets were published in 1799 when Haydn was well over 60 years old. Almost immediately he was commissioned to write another set by Prince Lobkowltz, a wealthy patron, who was later to become an important figure in Beethoven’s life. Two quartets only were completed and published as Opus 77 Nos. 1 & 2 in 1802. But these are not the works of an old man whose powers are fading, or who simply consolidates ground already covered. Once again Haydn Innovates.
The opening movement of Opus 77 No. 2 is as structurally complex and emotionally unsettling as anything he ever wrote, alternating between a laconic opening theme and a tense and threatening counter theme which comes to dominate the whole movement. Both quartets have fast scherzo-like “minuets”. The slow movement of No. 1 is in traditional variation form but stretches the form to the limit in order to accommodate widely contrasting textures and moods. The finale of No. 2 is swept along by a seemingly inexhaustible stream of energy and inventiveness.
F. In fact, Haydn began the third quarter in this set but never finished it, and the two completed movements were published in 1806 as Opus 103, his last published work. He was over 70 and clearly lacked the strength to continue composition. The two existing movements are a slow movement followed by a minute. The slow movement has a quiet warmth, but It is the minuet that is remarkable. It is in true dance time,
unlike the fast quasi-scherzos of the earlier quartets. But what a dance in a sombre.
D. minor Haydn unfolds an angular, ruthless little dance of death. The central trio section holds out a moment of consolation, and then the dance returns, sweeping on relentlessly to the final sudden uprush of sound. And then, after more than 40 years of composition the master falls silent.
Haydn’s late quartets
Questions 30-32
Choose the appropriate letters A-D. Write them next to 30-32 on your answer sheet.
30 Which one of the following statements Is true?
A Haydn wrote the London Symphony In England
B We do not know where Haydn wrote the London Symphony
C Haydn wrote the London Symphony in Vienna
D Haydn wrote the Drum Roll Symphony in England
31 Like symphonies 103 and 104, the oratorios and masses were …
A written in the eighteenth century
B for the public
C as emotional as the quartets
D full of religious feeling
32 The string quartets in Opus 76 and Opus 77 were …
A the cause of a spiritual crisis
B intimate yet capable
C calm unease
D diverse
Questions 33-37
Complete the text below, which is a summary of paragraphs 3 and 4 in Reading Passage 3.
Choose your answers from the word list below. Write them In boxes 33-37 on your answer sheet.
There are more words and phrases than spaces, so you will not be able to use them all.
You may use each word or phrase only once.
Example: The six quarters of Opus 76 are very ____________. Answer: different |
For example, the opening of “The Sunrise” is not nearly as _____33____ as that of No. 2._____34_____those of the mid-eighteenth century, the minuets are more frenetic and less relaxed. It is in the slow movements, however, that Haydn tried something very different. In contrast to No. 4, No, 1 if much ______35___ brusque, the former being much___36____,____37_____ , Nos. 5 and 6 are alike in some respects.
Word List
Wide | less | different | more | long-breathed | unlike | similarly |
Subdued | tense | like | conversely | quieter |
Questions 38-40
Do the statements below agree with that information in Reading Passage 3?
In Boxes 38-40, write:YES, if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
NO, if the statement contradicts the information In the passage
NOT GIVEN, If there Is no Information about the statement in the passage
Example: Haydn was well-known when he wrote Opus 76. Answer: Yes |
38 Before the Opus 76 quartets were published, Haydn had been commissioned to write more.....
39 The writer says that Opus 103 was Haydn’s last published work.....
40 The writer admires Haydn for the diversity of the music he composed......
Answers
Tea Times Reading Answers (Passage 1)
1 Answer: iv
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 2
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly a line in the paragraph states that “tea, now an everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries been an important part of the rituals of hospitality both in the home and in trader society.” From this information, we can infer that this paragraph is about the link between tea and hospitality.
2 Answer: viii
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. You must note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it is said that “tea originated in China, and in Eastern Asia tea making and drinking ceremonies have been popular for centuries.” The phrase on the move means going from one place to another. And this information confirms how the tea originated in China but the tea-drinking culture is getting popular all over the world.
3. Answer: i
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 1 & 5
Answer explanation: The opening line of paragraph C suggests that “as, over the last four hundred years, tea-leaves became available throughout much of Asia and Europe, the ways in which tea was drunk changed.” Also. “the variations are endless.” Since it is given that tea drinking has changed over the years and various types of versions emerged, it implies that the paragraph deals with the various ways in which tea has been drunk.
4 Answer: x
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 2
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line in the said paragraph that describes “when the price of tea fell in the nineteenth century poor people took up the drink with enthusiasm.” Here, the term “price of tea fell” has been paraphrased as the fall in the cost of tea. Thus, we can deduce that this paragraph is about the cost of tea, in financial terms. The paragraph shows that tea was for the middle classes, but when the price fell the poor started drinking it.
5 Answer: ii
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 1, and last line
Answer explanation: Paragraph E puts forward the information that “throughout the world today, few religious groups object to tea drinking.” Also, “however, Seventh-Day Adventists, recognizing the beverage as a drug containing the stimulant caffeine, frown upon the drinking of tea.“ The theme of the paragraph is the fact that most religious groups do not object to tea drinking, i.e. few do. The example of the Islamic cultures supports the point of there being no objections. Also, you can note the comparison in tea/coffee with alcohol.
6 Answer: xii
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 2
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line that claims “techniques of tea preparation have been adapted. In West African countries, such as Senegal and The Gambia, it is fashionable for young men to gather in small groups to brew Chinese “gun-powder” tea. The tea is boiled with large amounts of sugar for a long time.” Here, the author explains the techniques/ways in which northern and western Africa people prepare tea. Thus, we can state that this paragraph focuses on tea drinking in Africa.
7 Answer: v
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph H, line 2
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can point out that “there, tea made entirely with milk is popular, ‘Chai’ is made by boiling milk and adding tea, sugar and some spices. This form of tea making has crossed the Indian Ocean and is also popular in East Africa, where tea is considered best when it is either very milky or made with water only.” The author states that tea made entirely with milk is popular, and explains how it became popular across the globe. Hence, we can deduce that this paragraph is about the importance of the addition of milk to tea in many parts of the world.
8 Answer: iii
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph I, line 2
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the passage specifies that “yet, the convention of afternoon tea lingers. At conferences, it remains common practice to serve coffee in the morning and tea in the afternoon. Contemporary’ China, too, remains true to its long tradition.” Since it is said that it ‘remains’ a practice, we can infer that it is still continuing in today’s tradition in Britain and China.
9 Answer: rituals of hospitality OR hospitality
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph A, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line that claims, “tea, now an everyday beverage in many parts of the world, has over the centuries been an important part of the rituals of hospitality both in the home and in trader society.” The author states that tea has become important to the world now, which signifies it plays an important role both at home and in society through rituals of hospitality.
10Answer: grade(s) and blend(s) OR different grades OR different blends
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, last line
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, refer that, “when the price of tea fell in the nineteenth century poor people took up the drink with enthusiasm. Different grades and blends of tea were sold to suit every pocket.” Here, the term suit every pocket has been paraphrased to tea they could afford. Hence, with the falling of tea prices in the 19th century people took up drinking with enthusiasm as people could now choose different grades and blends of tea.
11Answer: contains caffeine
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph E, last line
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. In the passage, it is said that “however, Seventh-Day Adventists, recognising the beverage as a drug containing the stimulant caffeine, frown upon the drinking of tea.“ Here, the Seventh-Day Adventists consider tea/coffee beverage as a drug. Since it contains caffeine, they do not approve of the drinking of tea.
12Answer: nomadic Bedouin(s) OR Bedouin(s)
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: The opening line of paragraph F suggests that “Nomadic Bedouin are well known for traditions of hospitality in the desert.” This line confirms that one group that is well known for its traditions of hospitality in the desert is the Nomadic Bedouin.
13Answer: sugar and spices
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph H, line 2
Answer explanation: A few lines in said paragraph discuss that “tea drinking in India remains an important part of daily life. There, tea made entirely with milk is popular, ‘Chai’ is made by boiling milk and adding tea, sugar and some spices.” Here, author states that in India chai (tea) is made by adding sugar and some spices to boiling milk.
14Answer: lingering convention/convention
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph I, line 2
Answer explanation: In the reference paragraph, the author mentions that “In Britain, coffee drinking, particularly in the informal atmosphere of coffee shops, is currently in vogue. Yet, the convention of afternoon tea lingers. At conferences, it remains common practice to serve coffee in the morning and tea in the afternoon.” The term vouge means fashion, hence, in Britain coffee is in fashion and afternoon tea is a lingering convention.
Tyes and Greens Reading Answers (Passage 2)
15Answer: A
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 3
Answer explanation: Paragraph A puts forward the information that “essentially a “tye” was green, or a small area of open common land, usually sited away from the main village or settlement, perhaps at the junction of two or more routes.” This line from the passage confirms tye was green.
16Answer: C
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: In the reference paragraph, the author mentions that “in the Pebmarsh area, there seem to have been five or six of these tyes, all except one, at the margins of the parish.” The term seems has been paraphrased to appear. Thus, the Pebmarsh area appears (seem) to have had five or six tyes.
17Answer: C
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: Paragraph B suggests that “in the Pebmarsh area, there seem to have been five or six of these tyes, all except one, at the margins of the parish.” The term all except one can also be understood as mostly. Therefore, we can deduce that tyes in the Pebmarsh area were mostly at the margins of the parish.
18Answer: D
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 4
Answer explanation: In the reference paragraph, the author mentions that “such unproductive forest land would, in any case, have been unattractive to the wealthy baronial or monastic landowners.” Here, would, in any case, have been unattractive, indicates that the writer interprets as having happened. Note that the word unattractive here does not mean visually. It means that they would not have liked it, because it was not producing anything.
19Answer: documented
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: Few lines in the said paragraph discuss that “Hayles Tye seems to have got its name from a certain John Hayle who Is documented in the 1380s, although there are records pointing to the occupation of the site at a much earlier date.” Here, it is given that the name John Hayle was documented in 1380. Also, the name was found in books or documents of the time.
20Answer: in use
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 2
Answer explanation: You can note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it states that “the name was still in use in 1500 and crops up again throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, usually in relation to the payment of taxes or tithes.” This line states that in 1500 name of Hayles Tye was still in use.
21Answer: cropping up/and crops up/and cropped up.
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 2
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line in the said paragraph that describes “the name was still in use in 1500 and crops up again throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, usually in relation to the payment of taxes or tithes.” Here, again throughout the 16th and 17th centuries has been paraphrased to again in the following two centuries in relation to taxes. Also, the different tenses and the verb form here. You can change the present simple crops up into the gerund and you can use the simple past tense.
22Answer: Filo’a Green
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 3
Answer explanation: A line in the paragraph denotes “at some point during the 18th century, the name is changed to File’s Green, though no trace of an owner called File has been found.” Here, the change of name implies renaminf of Hayles Tyes to File’s Green.
23Answer: burnt down/abandoned
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line in the said paragraph that describes “several farms were abandoned in the neighbouring village of Alphamstone, and the population dwindled so much that there was no money to support the fabric of the village church, which became very dilapidated. However, another possibility is that the buildings at File’s Green burnt down, fires being not infrequent at this time.” Dwelling means a house, flat, or another place of residence. Hence, the original buildings have disappeared because the buildings at File’s Green burnt down or were abandoned.
24Answer: owned
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1
Answer explanation: Few lines in the said paragraph convey that “by 1817 the land was in the ownership of Charles Townsend of Ferriers Farm, and in 1821 he built two brick cottages on the site, each cottage occupied by two families of agricultural labourers.” Here, it is said that land was in the ownership of Charles Townsend, which can also be inferred as the land was owned by Charles Townsend.
25Answer: two/two brick
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line that claims “by 1817 the land was in the ownership of Charles Townsend of Ferriers Farm, and in 1821 he built two brick cottages on the site, each cottage occupied by two families of agricultural labourers.” From this information, we can deduce that in 1821 Charles Townsend built two brick cottages.
26Answer: each one/each/each cottage
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1
Answer explanation: The opening line of paragraph D mentions that “by 1817 the land was in the ownership of Charles Townsend of Ferriers Farm, and in 1821 he built two brick cottages on the site, each cottage occupied by two families of agricultural labourers.” Here, each cottage occupied by two families implies that each cottage was inhabited.
27Answer: remained/survived
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, last line
Answer explanation: A line in the said paragraph indicates, “he converted these two dwellings into one. This, then, is the only remaining habitation on the site and is called File’s Green Cottage.” A dwelling is a house, flat, or other place of residence. The author mentions that he earlier made one cottage/dwelling and converted it into two. After the 19th century, two cottages were sold to the manager, and he converted them into one. And that one cottage survived.
only one of them remained or survived.
28Answer: gravel works
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: A line in the passage mentions that “in 1933, this cottage was sold to the manager of the newly-opened gravel works to the north-west of Pebmarsh village.” It implies that it was bought by the gravel works manager.
29Answer: one dwelling
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: Paragraph E mentions that “in 1933, this cottage was sold to the manager of the newly-opened gravel works to the north-west of Pebmarsh village. He converted these two dwellings into one.” There were two cottages. Bach cottage had two families, i.e. two dwellings. One cottage was destroyed leaving one cottage with two dwellings, which the manager converted into one. Note you cannot have the word one on its own.
Haydn’s late quartets Reading Answers (Passage 3)
30Answer: B
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 1
Answer explanation: A line in the said paragraph indicates “by the time he came to write the String Quartets published as Opus 76 and Opus 77, Haydn was undoubtedly the most famous living composer in the whole of Europe. He had recently returned from the highly successful second visit to England, for which he had composed his last six symphonies, culminating in the brilliant and festive Drum Roll Symphony (No. 103) and London Symphony (No, 104). “ The passage states that Haydn composed the London symphony for London, but not the place in which he composed it.
31Answer: B
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 6
Answer explanation: Paragraph A provides the information that “the oratorios and masses were also public works, employing large forces for dramatic effect, but warm and full of apparently spontaneous religious feeling.” Like symphonies 103 and 104, the oratorios and masses were public works.
32Answer: D
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 1
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can point out that “the six quartets of Opus 76 differ widely in character. The opening movement of No. 2 is tense and dramatic, while that of No. 4 begins with the soaring long-breathed melody that has earned the nickname of “The Sunrise”.” The term widely in character can also be inferred as diverse. Hence, the string quartets in Opus 76 and Opus 77 were diverse.
33Answer: tense
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 1
Answer explanation: If you observe, in the said paragraph to the fact that “the six quartets of Opus 76 differ widely in character. The opening movement of No. 2 is tense and dramatic, while that of No. 4 begins with the soaring long-breathed melody that has earned the nickname of “The Sunrise”.” This suggests that the opening of the sunrise (No. 4 quartet of Opus 76) was not nearly as tense and dramatic as No. 2.
34Answer: unlike
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 4
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. In the passage, it is said that “the minutes to have moved a long way from the stately court dance of the mid-eighteenth century. The so-called “Witches Minuet” of No. 2 is a strident canon, that of No. 6 is a fast one-in-a-bar movement anticipating the scherzos of Beethoven, while at the heart of No. 5 is a contrasting trio section which, far from being the customary relaxed variant of the surrounding minute, flings itself into frenetic action and is gone. “ Here, No. 2 quartet of Opus 76 is strident which means harsh and loud, which is contrary/unlike (far from being) the customary relaxed variant of the surrounding minute.
35Answer: more
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1
Answer explanation: Few lines in said paragraph discuss that “but it is in the slow movements that Haydn is most innovative and most unsettling. In No. 1, the cello and the first violin embark on a series of brusque dialogues. No. 4 is a subdued meditation based on the hushed opening chords.” In contrast to No.4, No.1 is more brusque.
36Answer: quieter
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 2
Answer explanation: Paragraph G intimates that “in No. 1, the cello and the first violin embark on a series of brusque dialogues. No. 4 is a subdued meditation based on the hushed opening chords. The slow movements of No. 5 and No. 6 are much looser in structure, the cello and viola setting off on solitary episodes of melodic and harmonic uncertainty.” The term subdued means quiet and rather reflective or depressed. Here, No.4 is a subdued meditation, which means is the quieter and slower opening chord.
37Answer: Conversely
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, last line
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, refer that, “The slow movements of No. 5 and No. 6 are much looser in structure, the cello and viola setting off on solitary episodes of melodic and harmonic uncertainty.” No.5 and No.6 are similar in some aspects.
38Answer: NO
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Question
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 2
Answer explanation: In the reference paragraph, the author mentions that “he Opus 76 quartets were published in 1799 when Haydn was well over 60 years old. Almost immediately he was commissioned to write another set by Prince Lobkowltz, a wealthy patron, who was later to become an important figure in Beethoven’s life.” Here, it is given that Haydn was commissioned to write another piece after opus 76 was published and not before.
39Answer: YES
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Question
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can find out that “in fact, Haydn began the third quarter in this set but never finished it, and the two completed movements were published in 1806 as Opus 103, his last published work.” This line confirms that Opus 103 was Haydn’s last published work.
40Answer: YES
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Question
Answer location: Paragraph A, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, the entire passage gives the reader this impression that he has admired Haydn for his music, but a line in the said paragraph discusses that “yet at the same time he composed these 8 quartets, in terms of technical mastery and sheer musical invention the equal of the symphonies and choral works, but in their mood and emotional impact far removed, by turns introspective and detached, or full of passionate intensity.” Since the writer comments on all the good things about Haydn’s composition, we can state that the writer admires Haydn for the diversity in the music he composed.
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Reading Test 3
The politics of pessimism
Newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins would have us believe erroneously that a new age has come upon us, the Age of Cassandra. People are being assailed not just with contemporary doom, or past gloom, but with prophecies of disasters about to befall. The dawn of the new millennium has now passed; the earth is still intact, and the fin de siècle Jeremiahs have now gone off to configure a new date for the apocalypse.
It can, I believe, be said with some certainty that the doom-mongers will never run out of business. Human nature has an inclination for pessimism and anxiety, with each age having its demagogues, foretelling doom or dragging it in their wake. But what makes the modern age so different is that the catastrophes are more “in your face”, Their assault on our senses is relentless. Whether it be sub-conscious or not, this is a situation not lost on politicians. They play upon people’s propensity for unease, turning it into a very effective political tool.
Deluding the general public
All too often, when politicians want to change the status quo, they take advantage of people’s fears of the unknown and their uncertainties about the future. For example, details about a new policy may be leaked to the press. Of course, tbe worst case scenario is presented in all its depressing detail. When the general public reacts in horror, the government appears to cave in. And then accepting some of the
suggestions from their critics, ministers water down their proposals. This allows the government to get what It wants, while at the same time fooling the public into believing that they have got one over on the government. Or even that they have some say in the making of policy.
There are several principles at play here. And both are rather simple: unsettle people and then play on their fears; and second, people must be given an opportunity to make a contribution, however insignificant, in a given situation; otherwise, they become dissatisfied, not fearful or anxious.
A similar ruse, at a local level, will further illustrate how easily people’s base fears are exploited. A common practice is to give people a number of options, say in a housing development, ranging from no change to radical transformation of an area. The aim is to persuade people to agree significant modifications, which may involve
disruption to their lives, and possibly extra expenditure. The individuals, fearful of the worst possible outcome, plump for the middle course. And this, incidentally, Is Invariably the option favoured by the authorities. Everything is achieved under the guise of market research, But It is obviously a blatant exercise in the manipulation of people’s fears.
Fear and survival
Fear and anxieties about the future affect us till. People are wracked with self-doubt and low self-esteem. In the struggle to exist and advance in life, a seemingly endless string, of obstacles is encountered, so ninny, in fact, that any accomplishment seems
surprising. Even when people do succeed they are still nagged by uncertainty,
Not surprisingly, feelings like doubt, fear, anxiety and pessimism are usually associated with failure. Yet, if properly harnessed, they are the driving force behind success, the very engines of genius.
If things turn out well for a long time, there is a further anxiety: that of constantly waiting for something to go wrong. People then find themselves propitiating the gods: not walking on lines on the pavements, performing rituals before public performances, wearing particular clothes and colours so that they can blame the ritual not themselves when things go wrong,
But surely the real terror cornea when success continues uninterrupted for such a long period of time that we forget what failure is like I
We crave for and are fed a daily diet of anxiety, Horror films and disaster movies have an increasing appeal. Nostradamus pops his head up now and again, And other would-be prophets make a brief appearance, predicting the demise of human kind. Perhaps h this is all just a vestige of the hardships of early man – our attempt to recreate the struggles of a past age, as life becomes mure and more comfortable.
Mankind cannot live by con tent meni alone. And so, a world awash with anxieties and pessimism has been created. Being optimistic is a struggle. But survival dictates that mankind remain ever sanguine.
Questions 1-5
Choose one phrase (A-K) from the list of phrases to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters (A-K) in Boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
The information in the completed sentences should be an accurate summary of the points made by the writer.
NB. There are more phrases (A-K) than sentences, so you wilt not need to use them all. You may use each phrase once only.
Key points
1 Newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins …
2 Doom-mongers are popular, because people …
3 Today, catastrophes …
4 To politicians, people’s Inclination for fear…
5 The government…
List of phrases
A are not as threatening as In the past
B tell the truth
C blame them
D try to make us believe mistakenly that we are In a new era
Ecalm people down
Fare uncertain about the future
G are less comfortable
H are natural pessimists and worriers
I are more Immediate
J get what they want by deceiving the public
K is something they can make use of
Questions 6-9
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them next to 6-9 on your answer sheet.
6 The housing development example shows that people …
A are not that easily deceived
B like market research
C lead their fears
D are easy to delude
7 Which one of the following statements is true, according to the passage?
A Market research uses people’s fears for their own good
B People are scared by market research techniques
CMarket research techniques are used as a means of taking advantage of people’s fears
D Market research makes people happy
8 The engines of genius are …
A properly harnessed
B the driving force behind the success
C driven by feelings like fear
D usually associated with failure
9 Continual success …
A makes people arrogant
B worries people
Cdoes not have any negative effects on people
D increases people’s self-esteem
Questions 10-14
Do the statements below agree with the information in Reading Passage 1?
In Boxes 10-14, write:
YES, if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
NO, if the statement contradicts the information in the passage
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about the statement in the passage
Example: Politicians pretend things are worse than they are. Answer: Yes. |
10. The complex relationship between failure and success needs to be addressed carefully......
11. People perform certain rituals to try to avoid failure.......
12. Anxiety in daily life is what we want......
13. The writer believes that Nostradamus and certain other prophets are right about their predictions for the end of the human race......
14. Mankind needs to be pessimistic to survive......
Caveat scriptor
Let the would-be writer beware! Anyone foolhardy enough to embark on a career as a writer – whether it be an academic treatise, a novel, or even an article – should first read this!
People think that writing as a profession is glamorous; that it is just about sitting down and churning out words on a page, or more likely these days on a computer screen. If only it were! So what exactly does writing a book entail? Being a writer is about managing a galaxy of contradictory feelings: elation, despair, hope, frustration, satisfaction, and depression – and not all separately! Of course, it also involves
carrying out detailed research: first to establish whether there is a market for the planned publication, and second into the content of the book. Sometimes, however, instinct takes the place of market research and the contents are dictated not by plans and exhaustive research but by experience and knowledge.
Once the publication has been embarked upon, there is a long period of turmoil as the text takes shape. A first draft is rarely the final text of the book. Nearly all books are the result of countless hours of altering and reordering chunks of text and deleting the embarrassing bits. While some people might think that with new technology the checking and editing process is speeded up, the experienced writer would hardly agree. Unfortunately, advanced technology now allows the writer the
luxury of countless editings; a temptation many of us find hard to resist. So a passage, endlessly reworked may end up nothing remotely like the original, and completely out of place when compared with the rest of the text.
After the trauma of self-editing and looking for howlers, it is time to show the text to other people, friends perhaps, for appraisal. At this stage, it is not wise to send it off to a literary agent or direct to publishers, as it may need further fine-tuning of which the author is unaware. Once an agent has been approached and has rejected a draft
publication, it is difficult to go and ask for the revamped text to be considered again. It also helps, at this stage, to offer a synopsis of the book, if it is a novel, or an outline if it is a textbook. This acts as a guide for the author, and a general reference for friends and later for agents.
Although it is tempting to send the draft to every possible agent at one time, it is probably unwise.
Some agents may reject the publication out of hand, but others may proffer some invaluable advice, for example about the content or the direction to be taken. Hints like this may be of use in finally being given a contract by an agent or publisher. The lucky few taken on by publishers or agents, then have their books subjected to a number of readers, whose job it is to vet a book: deciding whether it is worth publishing and whether the text as it stands is acceptable or not. After a book has finally been accepted by a publisher, one of the greatest difficulties for the writer lies in taking on board the publisher’s alterations to the text. Whilst the overall story the thrust of the book may be acceptable, it will probably have to conform to an in-house
style, as regards language, spelling or punctuation, etc. More seriously, the integrity of the text may be challenged, and this may require radical redrafting which is unpalatable to the author. A book’s creation period is complex and unnerving, but the publisher’s reworkings and text amputations can also be a tortuous process.
For many writers, the most painful period comes when the text has been accepted, and the writer is waiting for it to be put together for the printer. By this stage, it is not
uncommon for the writer to be thoroughly sick of the text. Abandon writing? Nonsense. Once smitten, it is not easy to escape the compulsion to create and write, despite the roller-coaster ride of contradictory emotions.
Questions 15-22
Complete the text below, which is a summary of the passage. Choose your answers from the Word List below and write them in the blank spaces next to 15-22 on your answer sheet.
There are more words and phrases than spaces, so you will not be able to use them all. You may use each word or phrase only once.
Example: Anyone who wants to be a writer should__________ Answer: beware. |
People often associate writing with _______15__________. But being a writer Involves managing conflicting emotions as well as _________16__________ or instinct. Advanced technology, contrary to what might be thought, does not make the________17___________ faster.
When a writer has a draft of the text ready, It is a good idea to have a___________________ 18_______for friends, etc. to look at. If an author Is accepted by a publisher, the draft of the book is given to__________ 19______ for vetting,___________20.______ are then often made, which are not easy for the writer to agree. However,_________21_______ is compelling, even though there are_____________22_______ .
Wordlist
editing process | beware | readers |
first draft | glamour | a literary agent |
alterations | profession | publisher |
challenges | writing | dictating |
research | publishing | summary |
ups and downs | roller-coaster |
Questions 23 and 24
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them next to 23 and 24 on your answer sheet,
23 In the planning stages of a book, …
A Instinct can replace market research
B market research can replace instinct
C market research is essential
D instinct frequently replaces market research
24 The problem with the use of advanced technology in editing is that …
A it becomes different from the original
B it is unfortunate
C it is a luxury
D many writers cannot resist changing the text again and again
Questions 25-28
Complete the sentences below.
Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage to complete each blank space.
Write your answers in the blank spaces next to 25-28 on your answer sheet
25 Once a text is finished, the writer needs to get the______________________ of other people.
26 Some agents may reject the draft of a book, while others may offer________________________ .
27 Apart from the need for a draft to conform to an in-house style, a publisher’s changes to a text may Include.
28 The publisher’s alterations to a book are difficult for a writer, as is the_____________________ as the book grows.
Leisure time
A. A raft of forecasts has been made in the recent decade, predicting the decline in the number of working hours coupled with a consequent increase in leisure time. It was estimated that the leisure revolution would take place by the turn of the last cent my with hours devoted to work railing to 25-30 per week, This reduction hits failed to materialise, but the revolution has, nonetheless, arrived.
B. Over the past 30 to 41 years, spending on leisure has witnessed a strong increase, According to the annual family expenditure survey published in 1935 by the Office for National Statistics, the average household in the United Kingdom spent more on leisure than food, housing and transport for the very first time, and the trend is also set to continue upwards well into the present century.
C. The survey, based on a sample of 6,500 households showed, that the days are long gone when the average family struggled to buy basic foods. As recently as 1969, family spending on food was approximately one third compared to 17% now. Twelve years later, there was a noticeable shift towards leisure with the percentage of household spending on leisure increasing to 9%, and that on food declining to
26%.
D. The average household income in the UK in 1999 was £460 per week before tax, and average spending was £352.20. Of the latter sum, £59.70 was spent on leisure and £58.90 on food. On holidays alone, family expenditure was 6%, while in 1969 the proportion spent on holidays was just 2%. And whereas the richest 10% lashed out 20% of their income in 1999 on leisure, the poorest spent 12%.
E. Among the professional and managerial classes, working hours have increased and, overall in the economy, record numbers of people are in employment. As people work more, the appetite for leisure activities has grown to compensate for the greater stress in life. The past 5 years alone have seen the leisure business expand by 25% with a change in emphasis to short domestic weekend breaks and long-haul short breaks to exotic destinations in place of long holidays. In the future, it is
expected that people will jump from one leisure activity to another in complexes catering for everyone’s needs with gyms, cinemas, cafes, restaurants, bars and internet facilities all under one roof. The leisure complexes of today will expand to house all the leisure facilities required for the leisure age.
F. Other factors fueling demand for leisure activities are rising prosperity, increasing longevity and a more active elderly population. Hence, at the forefront of leisure spending are not just young or professional classes. The 1999 family expenditure survey showed that the 64 to 75-year-old group spend a higher proportion of their
income on leisure than any other age group. The strength of the “grey pound” now means that elderly people are able to command more respect and, thus, attention in the leisure market.
G. And the future? It is anticipated that, in the years to come, leisure spending will account for between a third to a half of all household spending. Whilst it is difficult to give exact figures, the leisure industry will certainly experience a long period of sustained growth. Working hours are not expected to decrease, partly because the 24-hour society will need to be serviced; and secondly, because more people will be
needed to keep the service/leisure industries running.
H. In the coming decades, the pace of change will accelerate, generating greater wealth at a faster rate than ever before. Surveys show that this is already happening in many parts of Europe. The south-east of England, for example, is now supposedly the richest area in the EEC. The “leisure pound” is one of the driving forces behind this surge. But, sadly, it does not look as if we will have the long leisure hours that
we had all been promised.
Questions 29-35
Reading Passage 3 has 8 paragraphs (A-H).
Choose the most suitable heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-xiv) in Boxes 29-35 on your answer sheet.
One of the headings has been done for you as an example.
You may use any heading more than once.
There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them,
Example: Paragraph D Answer: iv |
29 Paragraph A
30 Paragraph B
31 Paragraph C
32 Paragraph E
33 Paragraph F
34 Paragraph G
35 Paragraph H
List of headings
i. Leisure spending goes up strongly
ii. Decreasing unemployment
iii. False forecasts
iv. Spending trends – leisure v food
v. More affordable food
vi. Leisure as an answer to stress
vii. Looking forward
viii. The leisure revolution – working hours reduced to 25
ix. The “grey pound” soars
x. Rising expenditure
xi. The elderly leisure market
xii. National Statisticians
xiii. Work, stress, and leisure all on the up
xiv. Money yes, leisure time no
Questions 36-40
Do the statements below agree with the information in Reading Passage 3? In Boxes 36-40, write:YES, if the statement agrees with the information in the passage
NO, if the statement contradicts the information in the passage
NOT GIVEN, if there is no information about the statement in the passage
Example: In recent decades, an increase in working hours was predicted. Answer: No. |
36 At the turn of the last century, weekly work hours dropped to 25......
37 Spending on leisure has gone up over the past three decades......
38 Long holidays have taken the place of long-haul short breaks......
39 In the future, people will pay less for the leisure facilities they use than they do today.....
40 24-hour society will have a negative effect on people’s attitudes to work......
Answers
The politics of pessimism Reading Answers (Passage 1)
1Answer: D
Question Type: Matching sentence endings
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 1
Answer explanation: If you observe, the answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line “newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins would have us believe erroneously that a new age has come upon us, the Age of Cassandra.” The term erroneously signifies in a mistaken way; incorrectly. Hence, we can state that newspaper headlines and TV or radio news bulletins try to make us believe mistakenly that we are in a new era/age.
2Answer: H
Question Type: Matching sentence endings
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 2
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can refer to, “human nature has an inclination for pessimism and anxiety, with each age having its demagogues, foretelling doom or dragging it in their wake.” Here, the author explains why doom-mongers will never be out of business, which is because people are natural pessimists and worriers.
3Answer: I
Question Type: Matching sentence endings
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 3
Answer explanation: You can note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it states that “but what makes the modern age so different is that the catastrophes are more “in your face”, their assault on our senses is relentless.” Here catastrophes in the past and present are compared, it is given that is that the catastrophes are more in your face, which implies immediate.
4Answer: K
Question Type: Matching sentence endings
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 4
Answer explanation: The entire sentence has been paraphrased here. In the passage, it states that “whether it be subconscious or not, this is a situation not lost on politicians. They play upon people’s propensity for unease, turning it into a very effective political tool.” From this information we can deduce that politicians play with people’s emotions such as unease/fear, these emotions act as (make use of) a political tool for politicians.
5Answer: J
Question Type: Matching sentence endings
Answer location: Paragraph C, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: A line in the said paragraph infers that “this allows the government to get what it wants, while at the same time fooling the public into believing that they have got one over on the government.” The term fooling can also be understood as deceiving. Hence, we can deduce that the government fools people into believing in things in order to get what they want from them.
6Answer: D
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 2
Answer explanation: Paragraph E puts forward the information that “a similar ruse, at a local level, will further illustrate how easily people’s base fears are exploited. A common practice is to give people a number of options, say in a housing development, ranging from no change to a radical transformation of an area.” Note that delude means make (someone) believe something that is not true.; look at the title for this section in the passage. Also, it is given how easily people’s base fears are exploited which infers that which signifies that people are easily deluded.
7 Answer: C
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph E, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: If you observe, in the said paragraph author said, “the individuals, fearful of the worst possible outcome, plump for the middle course. And this, incidentally, Is Invariably the option favoured by the authorities. Everything is achieved under the guise of market research, But it is obviously a blatant exercise in the manipulation of people’s fears.” Hence, we can deduce that under the name of (guise) market research they use people’s fear and take advantage of them, i.e. manipulates/exploits them.
8Answer: C
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 1
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line in the said paragraph that describes “not surprisingly, feelings like doubt, fear, anxiety, and pessimism are usually associated with failure. Yet, if properly harnessed, they are the driving force behind success, the very engines of genius.” This line confirms that properly harnessed feelings of failure are engines of genius are the driving force behind success.
9Answer: B
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph H, line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line that claims “if things turn out well for a long time, there is a further anxiety: that of constantly waiting for something to go wrong.” From the given information we can infer that people get worried and feel anxious if things turn out well for a long continual period.
10Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the paragraphs confirms or denies that the complex relationship between failure and success needs to be addressed carefully.
11Answer: YES
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 1
Answer explanation: Few lines in the said paragraph convey that “people then find themselves propitiating the gods: not walking on lines on the pavements, performing rituals before public performances, wearing particular clothes and colours so that they can blame the ritual not themselves when things go wrong.” Hence, we can infer that people feel fearful and anxious about the future. Hence, in this fear they do rituals so that if anything goes wrong they can blame the rituals.
12Answer: YES
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph J, line 1
Answer explanation: The opening line of paragraph J suggests that “we crave for and are fed a daily diet of anxiety, Horror films and disaster movies have an increasing appeal.” Since the author states that we crave anxiety and even feed on it on daily basis, we can infer that anxiety in daily life is what we want.
13Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the paragraphs confirms or denies that the writer believes that Nostradamus and certain other prophets are right about their predictions for the end of the human race.
14Answer: NO
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph J, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line that claims “mankind cannot live by content mind alone. And so, a world awash with anxieties and pessimism has been created. Being optimistic is a struggle. But survival dictates that mankind remain ever sanguine.” Sanguine means remaining positive even in a negative situation. For survival, man is supposed to remain positive which contradicts the question statement.
Caveat Scriptor Reading Answers (Passage 2)
15Answer: glamour
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: The first line of paragraph B puts forward the information that “people think that writing as a profession is glamorous; that it is just about sitting down and churning out words on a page, or more likely these days on a computer screen” The author states that many individuals mistakenly believe that writing is glamorous, but this is not the case. Writers require a strong mental attitude in order to devote time and attention to each project, as they must compose alone.
16Answer: research
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph B, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, the author in the given paragraph mentions that “sometimes, however, instinct takes the place of market research and the contents are dictated not by plans and exhaustive research, but my experience and knowledge.” Here, we can observe that author says that writers sometimes go by their instinct rather than the research.
17Answer: editing process
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 4
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, refer that, “while some people might think that with new technology the checking and editing process is sped up, the experienced writer would hardly agree.” All elements of written communication and the language employed are affected by technology. Contrary to what people think, it does not make the editing process faster.
18Answer: summary
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. In the passage, it is said that “it also helps, at this stage, to offer a synopsis of the book, if it is a novel, or an outline if it is a textbook. This acts as a guide for the author, and a general reference for friends and later for agents.” The author suggests that when the writer has the draft, it is helpful (good) to provide a synopsis of the book to friends/agents. Also, the term summary is a synonym for synopsis/outline.
19Answer: readers
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: In the reference paragraph, the author mentions that “the lucky few taken on by publishers or agents, then have their books subjected to a number of readers, whose job it is to vet a book: deciding whether it is worth publishing and whether the text as it stands is acceptable or not.” From this information, we can infer that once the publisher/agent selects the book, they give it to some selected readers to vet a book (vetting).
20Answer: Alterations
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 2
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can find out that “after a book has finally been accepted by a publisher, one of the greatest difficulties for the warrior lies in taking on board the publisher’s alterations to the text.” The author states that once the book is accepted by the publisher, he suggests certain alternations, which are not easy for the writer to agree.
21Answer: writing
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Complete Paragraph H
Answer explanation: According to paragraph H, “Abandon writing? Nonsense. Once smitten, it is not easy to escape the compulsion to create and write, despite the roller-coaster ride of contradictory emotions.” The term smitten signifies strike with a firm blow. Here, the writer is talking about writing, we can say deduce that from his argument where he says it’s nonsense to abandon writing because once a writer is stricken by an idea it becomes really difficult to go back, as a flow of emotions follows with writing.
22Answer: ups and downs
Question Type: Summary Completion
Answer location: Complete Paragraph H
Answer explanation: Paragraph H also puts forward the information that “abandon writing? Nonsense. Once smitten, it is not easy to escape the compulsion to create and write, despite the roller-coaster ride of contradictory emotions.” Note the word roller-coaster is paraphrased to ups and downs. Here, the author claims that writing is like a roller-coaster ride.
23Answer: A
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph B, last line
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the said paragraph discusses that “sometimes, however, instinct takes the place of market research and the contents are dictated not by plans and exhaustive research, but my experience and knowledge.” Here, the term “takes the place” has been paraphrased to “replace”. Thus, during the planning stage of the book, instinct often replaces market research.
24Answer: D
Question Type: Multiple Choice Questions
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 5
Answer explanation: A line in the said paragraph infers that “unfortunately, advanced technology now allows the writer the luxury of countless editings; a temptation many writers find hard to resist.” Contrary to what generally people believe that technology makes the writing process easy, the use of advanced technology creates a problem of editing and many writers cannot resist changing the text again and again (countless editings).
25Answer: appraisal
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph D, line 1
Answer explanation: Paragraph D puts forward the information that “after the trauma of self-editing and looking for howlers, it is time to show the text to other people, friends perhaps, for appraisal.” Once the writer finishes the book after doing the self-editing, he/she then show it to other people to get their appraisal.
26Answer: some invaluable advice OR invaluable advice OR some advice OR advice OR hints
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 2
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line in the said paragraph that describes “some agents may reject the publication out of hand, but others may prefer some invaluable advice, for example about the content or the direction to be taken, information such as this may be of use in finally being given a contract by an agent or publisher.” It is clearly mentioned that, while some agents directly reject the draft of the book others offer some invaluable advice.
27Answer: radical redrafting OR redrafting OR reworkings OR text amputations
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, 2nd last line
Answer explanation: A line in the paragraph denotes “more seriously, the integrity of the text may be challenged, and this may require radical re-drafting which is usually unpalatable to the author. A book’s creation period is complex and unnerving, but the publisher’s reworkings and text amputations can also be a tortuous process.” Also, the author states publishers apart from asking for a draft to conform to an in-house style ask for text to include some re-working/drafting.
28Answer: creation period
Question Type: Sentence Completion
Answer location: Paragraph F, last line
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. You must note the paraphrasing here. In the passage, it is said that “abook’s creation period is complex and unnerving, but the publisher’s reworkings and text amputations can also be a tortuous process.” We can conclude that the publisher’s alterations are tortuous (difficult) for a writer, which is equal to the tension during the creation period.
The Pearl And Leisure time Reading Answers (Passage 3)
29Answer: iii
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph A, last line
Answer explanation: A line in the said paragraph indicates “it was estimated that the Leisure revolution would take place by the turn of the last cent my with hours devoted to work railing to 25-30 per week, This reduction hits failed to materialize, but the revolution has, nonetheless, arrived.” The predictions made did not happen, can be inferred as failed to materialize. The answer is not heading viii, as the text does not say that working hours have been reduced to 25 hours – it was an estimate of 25 to 30 hours.
30Answer: i
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: The opening line of paragraph B claims that “over the past 30 to 41 years, spending on leisure has witnessed n strong increase.” The first sentence is the topic sentence and the rest of the paragraph expands the theme. The focus of the paragraph is on the increase in leisure spending. The writer compares it briefly to other areas, i.e. food, housing, and transport, but this is not part of the main focus of the paragraph. In any case, the heading would have to include housing and transport as well as food. Note that this paragraph contains general information about leisure in relation to the more specific comparison in the next two paragraphs.
31Answer: iv
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph C, line 2
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, you can point out that “As recently as 19, family spending on food was approximately one third compared to 17% now. Twelve years later, there was a noticeable shift towards leisure with the percentage of household spending on Leisure increasing to 9%, and that on food declining to 26%.” Here, the author states that there was a survey was conducted on certain households to check their spending capacity. The paragraph explains that spending on food will decrease, while that for leisure will increase.
32Answer: xiii
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 1
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, a line in the passage specifies “among the professional and managerial classes, working hours have increased and, overall in the economy, record numbers of people are in employment. As people work more, the appetite for leisure activities has grown to compensate for the greater stress in life.” The paragraph talks about all three (work, stress, and leisure) going up and gives an example of leisure in the future.
33Answer: xi
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph F, line 1
Answer explanation: If you observe, in the said paragraph to the fact that “other factors fueling demand for leisure activities are rising prosperity, increasing longevity and a more active elderly population.” It implies that this passage is discussing leisure activities and the elderly leisure market demands.
34Answer: vii
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph G, line 1
Answer explanation: The opening line of paragraph G suggests that “And the future? It is anticipated that, in the years to come, leisure spending will account for between a third to a half of all household spending.” The question raised about the future infers that this paragraph is looking forward to the future.
35Answer: xiv
Question Type: Matching Headings
Answer location: Paragraph H, line 1
Answer explanation: If you read thoroughly, there’s a line that claims, “in the coming decades, the pace of change will accelerate, generating greater wealth at a faster rate than ever before.” Also, “the “leisure pound” is one of the driving forces behind this surge.” The paragraph deals with the two aspects, wealth and leisure hours.
36Answer: NO
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph A, line 1
Answer explanation: In the said paragraph, refer that, “A raft of forecasts has been made in the recent decade, predicting the decline in the number of working hours coupled with a consequent increase in leisure time. This reduction hits failed to materialize, but the revolution has, nonetheless, arrived.” From this information, we can learn that the predicted reduction in working hours did not happen.
37Answer: YES
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph B, line 1
Answer explanation: The answer is clearly mentioned in the said paragraph and line. In the passage, it is said that “over the past 30 to 41 years, spending on leisure has witnessed a strong increase.” The term 30 to 41 can be understood as three decades since 1 decade is equal to 10 years. Therefore, strong spending on leisure over the past 30 to 41 years implies spending on leisure has gone up over the past three decades.
38Answer: NO
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: Paragraph E, line 3
Answer explanation: Few lines in said paragraph discuss that “the past 5 years alone have seen the leisure business expand by 25% with a change in emphasis to short domestic weekend breaks and long-haul short breaks to exotic destinations in place of long holidays.” It is given that there is a 25% expansion in business is due to emphasis on short domestic weekend breaks and long-haul short breaks. Hence, from the term and we can state that long holidays have not taken the place of long-haul short breaks.
39Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the passages confirms or denies that in the future, people will pay less for the leisure facilities they use than they do today.
40Answer: NOT GIVEN
Question Type: Yes/No/Not Given Questions
Answer location: N/A
Answer explanation: None of the passages confirms or denies that 24-hour society will have a negative effect on people’s attitudes to work.